Occupational Exposure to Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at a Coke Plant

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Grazyna Bieniek* and Agnieszka Lusiak

Department of Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland ?* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: gbieniek{at}sum.edu.pl Received September 21, 2011. Accepted January 10, 2012. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the external exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of coke-oven workers and by-product workers at a coke plant in Poland.

Methods: The content of benzene, toluene, xylene, and naphthalene in a gaseous phase and the content of dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benz[ghi]perylene, chrysene, and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene in a particulate phase of coke plant workers were measured in the workers mentioned above. A toxic equivalency factor BaPeq was used to estimate human health risk associated with respiratory exposure to PAHs. Results: Time-weighted values of the exposure to AHs in the coke plant were as follows: benzene (range 0.01–2.71 mg m-3), toluene (0.01–1.73 mg m-3), xylene (0.01–0.78 mg m-3), naphthalene (6.0–6079 µg m-3), and the concentrations of hydrocarbons did not exceed the exposure limits. The results for particle-bound PAHs were equal to 1.96 µg m-3 for B(a)P, 0.73 µg m-3 for DBA, 3.23 µg m-3 for BaA, 4.35 µg m-3 for BbF, 3.02 µg m-3 for BkF, 4.54 µg m-3 for IND, 4.32 µg m-3 for CHR, and 0.73 µg m-3 for Ant. The results of personal air measurements (median values of the sum of nine carcinogenic PAHs) were 2.115 µg m-3 (coke-oven workers, n = 207), 0.326 µg m-3 (coke by-product workers, n = 33), and 0.653 µg m-3 (total area workers, n = 38). The benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentrations (BaPeq) of 10 PAHs were 1.33, 0.183, and 0.284 µg m-3, respectively. Conclusions: We found out that coke plant workers are simultaneously exposed to a mixture of aromatic and polycyclic hydrocarbons present in the breathing zone air. Exposure levels are significantly influenced by job categories. Coke by-product workers are significantly more exposed to benzene, toluene, and xylene and less to PAHs. Coke-oven workers are mainly exposed to PAHs. Coke-oven workplaces (top side, coke side, and push side) are characterized by higher carcinogenic risk than other coke plant workplaces. © The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Occupational Hygiene SocietyThis ArticleAnn Occup Hyg (2012) 56 (7): 796-807. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mes016 First published online: April 26, 2012 Current Issue
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Organic dust toxic syndrome at a grass seed plant caused by exposure to high concentrations of bioaerosols

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Anne M. Madsen1,*, Kira Tendal1, Vivi Schlünssen2 and Ivar Heltberg3

1The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark

2Department of Public Health, Unit of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark

3Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hospital of Nykoebing F, 4800 Nykoebing F, Denmark ?* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +45-39-16-52-42; fax: +45-39-16-52-01; e-mail: amm{at}nrcwe.dk Received November 18, 2011. Accepted January 13, 2012. We describe an outbreak of sudden health problems in workers at a Danish grass seed plant after exposure to a particularly dusty lot of grass seeds. The seeds are called problematic seeds. The association between development of organic dust toxic syndrome (ODTS) and the handling of grass seeds causing exposure was assessed in a four-step model: (i) identification of exposure source, (ii) characterization of the emission of bioaerosols from the problematic and reference seeds, (iii) personal and stationary exposure measurement at the plant and (iv) repeated health examinations. The grass seeds were identified as the exposure source; the emissions of some bioaerosol components were up to 107 times higher from the problematic seeds than from reference seeds. Cleaning of the seeds was not enough to sufficiently reduce the high emission from the problematic seeds. Emission in terms of dust was 3.4 times as high from the problematic cleaned seeds as from cleaned reference seeds. The personal exposure reached 3 × 105 endotoxin units m-3, 1 × 106 colony-forming units (cfu) of thermophilic actinomycetes m-3, 8 × 105 cfu of Aspergillus fumigatus

m-3 and 9 × 106 hyphal fragments m-3. Several workers working with the problematic seeds had symptoms consistent with ODTS. The most severe symptoms were found for the workers performing the tasks causing highest exposure. Respiratory airway protection proved efficient to avoid development of ODTS. Work with reference seeds did not cause workers to develop ODTS. Exposure was during work with the problematic seeds higher than suggested occupational exposure limits but lower than in studies where researchers for some minutes have repeated a single task expected to cause ODTS. In this study, many different bioaerosol components were measured during a whole working day. We cannot know, whether it is the combination of different bioaerosol components or a single component which is responsible for the development of ODTS. In conclusion, workers developed specific health symptoms due to the high bioaerosol exposure and were diagnosed with ODTS. Exposure to high concentrations of endotoxin, actinomycetes, fungi, hyphal fragments, ß-glucan, and A. fumigatus occurred when working with a dusty lot of grass seed. Suspicion should be elicited by seeds stored without being properly dried and by seeds producing more dust than usually. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Occupational Hygiene Society. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This ArticleAnn Occup Hyg (2012) 56 (7): 776-788. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mes012 First published online: May 2, 2012 Current Issue
Disclaimer: Please note that abstracts for content published before 1996 were created through digital scanning and may therefore not exactly replicate the text of the original print issues. All efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, but the Publisher will not be held responsible for any remaining inaccuracies. If you require any further clarification, please contact our Customer Services Department.

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Organic dust toxic syndrome at a grass seed plant caused by exposure to high concentrations of bioaerosols

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Anne M. Madsen1,*, Kira Tendal1, Vivi Schlünssen2 and Ivar Heltberg3

1The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark

2Department of Public Health, Unit of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark

3Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hospital of Nykoebing F, 4800 Nykoebing F, Denmark ?* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +45-39-16-52-42; fax: +45-39-16-52-01; e-mail: amm{at}nrcwe.dk Received November 18, 2011. Accepted January 13, 2012. We describe an outbreak of sudden health problems in workers at a Danish grass seed plant after exposure to a particularly dusty lot of grass seeds. The seeds are called problematic seeds. The association between development of organic dust toxic syndrome (ODTS) and the handling of grass seeds causing exposure was assessed in a four-step model: (i) identification of exposure source, (ii) characterization of the emission of bioaerosols from the problematic and reference seeds, (iii) personal and stationary exposure measurement at the plant and (iv) repeated health examinations. The grass seeds were identified as the exposure source; the emissions of some bioaerosol components were up to 107 times higher from the problematic seeds than from reference seeds. Cleaning of the seeds was not enough to sufficiently reduce the high emission from the problematic seeds. Emission in terms of dust was 3.4 times as high from the problematic cleaned seeds as from cleaned reference seeds. The personal exposure reached 3 × 105 endotoxin units m-3, 1 × 106 colony-forming units (cfu) of thermophilic actinomycetes m-3, 8 × 105 cfu of Aspergillus fumigatus

m-3 and 9 × 106 hyphal fragments m-3. Several workers working with the problematic seeds had symptoms consistent with ODTS. The most severe symptoms were found for the workers performing the tasks causing highest exposure. Respiratory airway protection proved efficient to avoid development of ODTS. Work with reference seeds did not cause workers to develop ODTS. Exposure was during work with the problematic seeds higher than suggested occupational exposure limits but lower than in studies where researchers for some minutes have repeated a single task expected to cause ODTS. In this study, many different bioaerosol components were measured during a whole working day. We cannot know, whether it is the combination of different bioaerosol components or a single component which is responsible for the development of ODTS. In conclusion, workers developed specific health symptoms due to the high bioaerosol exposure and were diagnosed with ODTS. Exposure to high concentrations of endotoxin, actinomycetes, fungi, hyphal fragments, ß-glucan, and A. fumigatus occurred when working with a dusty lot of grass seed. Suspicion should be elicited by seeds stored without being properly dried and by seeds producing more dust than usually. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Occupational Hygiene Society. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This ArticleAnn Occup Hyg (2012) 56 (7): 776-788. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mes012 First published online: May 2, 2012 Current Issue
Disclaimer: Please note that abstracts for content published before 1996 were created through digital scanning and may therefore not exactly replicate the text of the original print issues. All efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, but the Publisher will not be held responsible for any remaining inaccuracies. If you require any further clarification, please contact our Customer Services Department.

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Occupational Exposure to Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at a Coke Plant

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Grazyna Bieniek* and Agnieszka Lusiak

Department of Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland ?* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: gbieniek{at}sum.edu.pl Received September 21, 2011. Accepted January 10, 2012. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the external exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of coke-oven workers and by-product workers at a coke plant in Poland.

Methods: The content of benzene, toluene, xylene, and naphthalene in a gaseous phase and the content of dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benz[ghi]perylene, chrysene, and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene in a particulate phase of coke plant workers were measured in the workers mentioned above. A toxic equivalency factor BaPeq was used to estimate human health risk associated with respiratory exposure to PAHs. Results: Time-weighted values of the exposure to AHs in the coke plant were as follows: benzene (range 0.01–2.71 mg m-3), toluene (0.01–1.73 mg m-3), xylene (0.01–0.78 mg m-3), naphthalene (6.0–6079 µg m-3), and the concentrations of hydrocarbons did not exceed the exposure limits. The results for particle-bound PAHs were equal to 1.96 µg m-3 for B(a)P, 0.73 µg m-3 for DBA, 3.23 µg m-3 for BaA, 4.35 µg m-3 for BbF, 3.02 µg m-3 for BkF, 4.54 µg m-3 for IND, 4.32 µg m-3 for CHR, and 0.73 µg m-3 for Ant. The results of personal air measurements (median values of the sum of nine carcinogenic PAHs) were 2.115 µg m-3 (coke-oven workers, n = 207), 0.326 µg m-3 (coke by-product workers, n = 33), and 0.653 µg m-3 (total area workers, n = 38). The benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentrations (BaPeq) of 10 PAHs were 1.33, 0.183, and 0.284 µg m-3, respectively. Conclusions: We found out that coke plant workers are simultaneously exposed to a mixture of aromatic and polycyclic hydrocarbons present in the breathing zone air. Exposure levels are significantly influenced by job categories. Coke by-product workers are significantly more exposed to benzene, toluene, and xylene and less to PAHs. Coke-oven workers are mainly exposed to PAHs. Coke-oven workplaces (top side, coke side, and push side) are characterized by higher carcinogenic risk than other coke plant workplaces. © The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Occupational Hygiene SocietyThis ArticleAnn Occup Hyg (2012) 56 (7): 796-807. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mes016 First published online: April 26, 2012 Current Issue
Disclaimer: Please note that abstracts for content published before 1996 were created through digital scanning and may therefore not exactly replicate the text of the original print issues. All efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, but the Publisher will not be held responsible for any remaining inaccuracies. If you require any further clarification, please contact our Customer Services Department.

View the original article here

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Organic dust toxic syndrome at a grass seed plant caused by exposure to high concentrations of bioaerosols

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Anne M. Madsen1,*, Kira Tendal1, Vivi Schlünssen2 and Ivar Heltberg3

1The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark

2Department of Public Health, Unit of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark

3Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hospital of Nykoebing F, 4800 Nykoebing F, Denmark ?* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +45-39-16-52-42; fax: +45-39-16-52-01; e-mail: amm{at}nrcwe.dk Received November 18, 2011. Accepted January 13, 2012. We describe an outbreak of sudden health problems in workers at a Danish grass seed plant after exposure to a particularly dusty lot of grass seeds. The seeds are called problematic seeds. The association between development of organic dust toxic syndrome (ODTS) and the handling of grass seeds causing exposure was assessed in a four-step model: (i) identification of exposure source, (ii) characterization of the emission of bioaerosols from the problematic and reference seeds, (iii) personal and stationary exposure measurement at the plant and (iv) repeated health examinations. The grass seeds were identified as the exposure source; the emissions of some bioaerosol components were up to 107 times higher from the problematic seeds than from reference seeds. Cleaning of the seeds was not enough to sufficiently reduce the high emission from the problematic seeds. Emission in terms of dust was 3.4 times as high from the problematic cleaned seeds as from cleaned reference seeds. The personal exposure reached 3 × 105 endotoxin units m-3, 1 × 106 colony-forming units (cfu) of thermophilic actinomycetes m-3, 8 × 105 cfu of Aspergillus fumigatus

m-3 and 9 × 106 hyphal fragments m-3. Several workers working with the problematic seeds had symptoms consistent with ODTS. The most severe symptoms were found for the workers performing the tasks causing highest exposure. Respiratory airway protection proved efficient to avoid development of ODTS. Work with reference seeds did not cause workers to develop ODTS. Exposure was during work with the problematic seeds higher than suggested occupational exposure limits but lower than in studies where researchers for some minutes have repeated a single task expected to cause ODTS. In this study, many different bioaerosol components were measured during a whole working day. We cannot know, whether it is the combination of different bioaerosol components or a single component which is responsible for the development of ODTS. In conclusion, workers developed specific health symptoms due to the high bioaerosol exposure and were diagnosed with ODTS. Exposure to high concentrations of endotoxin, actinomycetes, fungi, hyphal fragments, ß-glucan, and A. fumigatus occurred when working with a dusty lot of grass seed. Suspicion should be elicited by seeds stored without being properly dried and by seeds producing more dust than usually. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Occupational Hygiene Society. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This ArticleAnn Occup Hyg (2012) 56 (7): 776-788. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mes012 First published online: May 2, 2012 Current Issue
Disclaimer: Please note that abstracts for content published before 1996 were created through digital scanning and may therefore not exactly replicate the text of the original print issues. All efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, but the Publisher will not be held responsible for any remaining inaccuracies. If you require any further clarification, please contact our Customer Services Department.

View the original article here

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